Introduction: Organ transplantation is the most preferred treatment modality for end-stage organ disease and organ failures as it improves the quality of life. Patients deemed fit for transplantation by the transplant team often wait expectantly for a donor organ. Each year thousands of individuals wait for organs to be donated for transplantation. There remains, therefore, a great need for increasing organ donation and harnessing of donor organs. Aims and Objectives: To determine knowledge, attitude, and practices of the general population for organ donation. To determine the factors which facilitate or inhibit general population from organ donation. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a total of 120 patient attendants attending outpatient department in the age group of 18–65 years at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi. Results: One hundred and twenty participants were enrolled in the study, but only 119 participated. The mean age of males was 37.7 ± 14.7 years while that of females was 32.7 ± 11.5. Maximum awareness was found to be for kidney donation, least awareness for ear drums, and intestine donation. About 49.1% males and 51.6% females were aware of the legislation related to organ transplantation. The majority of female respondents (73.3%) showed their willingness to donate their organs in contrast to males only 16.7% were ready to donate in any situation. Females (60.7%) outnumbered males (45.8%) in their readiness to sign an organ donor card. About 73.3% females and 64.4% males were ready to participate in any promotion campaign related to organ donation. Conclusion: The magnitude of organ retrieval for the execution of a successful donor program is heavily dependent upon the level of knowledge and attitudes of the general public, so the need of hour is to increase the awareness among masses.

Background: Achieving medication adherence is a major obstacle for the management of type II diabetes mellitus. Adherence to the prescribed regimen in terms of dose, frequency, and duration is particularly important to combat the existing clinical condition. The present study settings, being a drought area most of the patients are living under miserable conditions and nonadherence may leave the patients with a huge burden of health care cost. Aim and Objectives: To estimate the effect and to correlate the medication adherence on the clinical and economic outcome of patients with anti-diabetic therapy. Methodology: This study is a prospective cohort study carried out in a secondary care referral hospital. Seventy-six subjects were included and conducted with semi-structured interview for the collection of data. Apart from that, other sources such as medical records, labarotory records, and dispensing records were also used for data collection. The study subjects were divided into two groups' viz. good medication adherence and poor medication adherence groups based on their medication possession ratio (MPR). Results: MPR was found to have strong negative correlation to clinical variables such as gross random blood sugar levels. The mean total cost spent by poor medication adherence group subjects was more than ten folds higher than the good medication adherence group. Conclusion: The good medication adherence group was found to be associated with lesser health care cost and better clinical outcome. Hence, it can be considered as one of the possible ways to reduce economic burden and to manage type II diabetes mellitus patients in resource-limited settings.

Background: Nasal biometrics is vital to facial analyses. This study evaluated nasal biometrics in Hausas and Yorubas of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Hausas (150 males and 150 females, aged 18-36 years) and Yorubas (150 males and 150 females, aged 15-33 years) were selected as subjects with informed consents and when established as Hausas or Yorubas by parents and grandparents. Height, body weight and cephalometric parameters (evaluated on three-dimensional facial photographs) were measured on subjects. The novel Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm was developed using modified row method of computer programming. Nasal root width, nose height, nose width, nasal bridge length, nasal tip protrusion, nasal index, facial width and nasofacial proportion computed from readings of Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm were analyzed using Z-test (P ≤ 0.05) of 2010 Microsoft Excel statistical software. Results: Computed nasal biometrics showed statistically nonsignificant higher values (P > 0.05) in males of Hausas (100%) and Yorubas (80%) compared to their female counterparts. In addition, results showed nonsignificant higher values (P > 0.05) in 80% of nasal biometrics in Hausas compared to Yorubas in both sexes. Based on classifications of nose types from nasal index, Hausas have the platyrrhine nose type while Yorubas have the mesorrhine nose type. Nasofacial proportion was lower in Hausa males compared to females, but of same values in Yoruba males and females. In addition, nasofacial proportions were lower in Hausas compared to Yorubas in both sexes. Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism of nasal biometrics exists between sexes of Hausas and Yorubas. Furthermore, Hausas and Yorubas are of similar nasal sizes.

Objective: In India, due to illiteracy and poor socioeconomic conditions, along with harmful oral habits, the prevalence of oro-dental diseases is widespread. Primary health care approach is the strategy to attain health for all. Hence, the objective was to assess oral health of Anganwadi children. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to include 316 children from Anganwadi present in the vicinity of a field area of the dental institute, Tumkur. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 41.77%, mean decayed, extracted, filled tooth being 2. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries in Anganwadi children was high indicating the need for both preventive and curative methods. The comprehensive treatment along with oral hygiene instructions was provided.

Context: There is a shortage of voluntary blood donors in developing countries which are, therefore, more dependent on replacement donors. Aim: To study the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding voluntary blood donation in a rural block in Vellore, South India. Settings and Designs: A cross-sectional survey in randomly selected villages of a rural block in Vellore, South India. Materials and Methods: Knowledge, attitude, and practices were assessed using a pilot-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire on randomly chosen rural adults aged between 18 and 60 years. Results: Of the 104 individuals interviewed, 90% were aware of voluntary blood donation, the main source of this awareness being television. Nearly, two-thirds of the participants felt they would fall sick by donating blood and that women and manual laborers were not capable of blood donation. Among the interviewed, 70.3% were of the opinion that blood can purchased with money. Only 44% were willing to donate blood on a voluntary basis. Perceived weakness and a misconception on the apparent lack of blood were the major reasons for unwillingness to donate blood. There was a significant association between willingness to donate blood and educational status as well as occupation, with the less educated and manual laborers unwilling to donate blood on a voluntary basis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.758, confidence interval [CI] = 1.54–9.156; OR = 5.333, CI = 1.429–19.90, respectively). Conclusions: The study found that although awareness on voluntary blood donation among individuals in the rural community was widespread, hesitancy to donate blood in real life situation was high. Since voluntary unpaid donors are the best candidates for blood donation, community being the best available source, education, and motivation of the community should play a greater role in increasing voluntary blood donation.

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive inherited disorder with wide variability in expression. The accepted major criteria for diagnosis include retinal dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, male hypogonadism, mental retardation, and renal dysfunction. We are presenting a 20-year-old male patient exhibiting characteristic features of BBS in association with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hypertension, and hypothyroidism, which is uncommon. Literature is also reviewed in brief.

A 4-year-old male child, who was diagnosed as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the right lower lobe of the lung, was scheduled for resection of the affected segment. Provision of lung isolation intraoperatively in children is more difficult due to anatomical and physiological differences from an adult. This case represents challenges encountered by the pediatric anesthesiologist to provide intraoperative single lung ventilation in a child, as there are limited options available, and also need for effective postoperative analgesia in the form of thoracic epidural which helped in early recovery.

Congenital megaureter is an important differential diagnosis among the known causes of hydroureteronephrosis in children. Obstructive megaureter is usually due to a narrowed and aperistaltic prevesical portion of the ureter. The congenital megaureter is usually asymptomatic in children. Association of an obstructive megaureter with ureteric calculi, however, is a rare phenomenon in the pediatric age group. Calculi if present are usually secondary to stasis and asymptomatic, presenting usually at adulthood or adolescence. A differential diagnosis of obstructive megaureter should be kept in mind in a child who presents with symptoms such as hematuria, pain, and obstructive nephropathy, especially when there are an associated calculi in the ureter. We present a case of a 4-year-old child whose chief complaint was hematuria and on further investigation was found to have unilateral obstructive megaureter with secondary ureteric calculi on an intravenous urogram.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by a tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus. Our case is a 36-year-old female patient from Afghanistan who presented with paroxysmal cough since 2 years and breathlessness with weight loss since 1 month. The patient underwent routine hematological investigations, chest X-ray, and bronchoscopy. After taking the sample, patient was asked to follow-up in the outpatient department but she came into the emergency department after 10 days with increased symptoms. The patient was given supportive treatment and on thorough investigations, she was diagnosed to have disseminated pulmonary hydatidosis with pleural effusion. She was successfully treated with intercostal chest tube drainage and albendazole.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but life-threatening condition induced by neuroleptic medications. In severe cases, NMS can rapidly lead to death. NMS is reported less frequently now-a-days with the advent of new antipsychotic drugs. We discuss 20-year-old male patient with NMS induced by risperidone and quetiapin.

Tuberculosis (TB) in appendix is a very rare occurrence. Clinical diagnosis is often not possible. Histopathological examination confirms the diagnosis of tuberculous appendicitis. Postoperative antitubercular drug treatment is compulsory for management. We are presenting a case of TB of appendix, which was presented with acute abdomen and diagnosed in histopathological examination.

We report the case of a 4-year-old boy with obstructive parotid sialadenitis in whom the classic clinical presentation clinched the diagnosis which highlights the importance of applied anatomy and clinical examination even in the present age of novel imaging techniques.